The field of vagus nerve neuromodulation (VNN) is undergoing a profound transformation, moving beyond its established applications to emerge as a cornerstone of bioelectronic medicine. While vagus nerve stimulation (VNS) has long been a recognised treatment for refractory epilepsy and treatment-resistant depression, recent technological breakthroughs and landmark clinical trial results are expanding its therapeutic reach into a wide array of chronic inflammatory, neurological

Closed-loop Vagus Nerve Stimulation (VNS) represents a profound evolution within bioelectronic medicine, transitioning from static, pre-programmed therapies to adaptive, personalised interventions.