The rapid, unregulated integration of artificial intelligence into the core workflows of modern medicine has established a pervasive and largely invisible infrastructure of unauthorized technology. Driven by systemic clinician burnout and administrative overload, clinical and administrative staff have increasingly bypassed traditional information technology procurement pathways. This self-directed adoption, collectively termed "Shadow AI", now operates at every stratum of the

The global healthcare sector stands at a critical juncture, navigating a technological inflection point that is as transformative as the digitisation of health records, yet far more perilous due to its clandestine nature. We are witnessing the rapid, unregulated, and often invisible integration of artificial intelligence (AI) into the core workflows of medicine—a phenomenon collectively termed "Shadow AI." Unlike the Shadow IT of the past, which largely concerned the unauthor